Elaeis
Elaeis (from Greek, meaning "oil") is a genus of palms containing two species, called oil palms. They are used in commercial agriculture in the production of palm oil. The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis (the species name guineensis referring to its country of origin) is the principal source of palm oil, it is native to west and southwest Africa, occurring between Angola and Gambia. The American oil palm Elaeis oleifera (from English oliferous, meaning "oil-producing") is native to tropical Central and South America,[2] and is used locally for oil production.
Since palm oil contains more saturated fats than oils made from canola, corn, linseed, soybeans, safflower, and sunflowers, it can withstand extreme deep-frying heat and resists oxidation.[3] It contains no trans fat, and its use in food has increased as food-labelling laws have changed to specify trans fat content. Oil from Elaeis guineensis is also used as biofuel.
Human use of oil palms may date back about 5,000 years in coastal west Africa. Palm oil was also discovered in the late 1800s by archaeologists, in a tomb at Abydos dating back to 3000 BCE.[4] It is thought that Arab traders brought the oil palm to Egypt.[5]
Elaeis guineensis is now extensively cultivated in tropical countries outside Africa, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia which together produce most of the world supply. Palm oil plantations are under increasing scrutiny for social and environmental harm, particularly because rainforests with high biodiversity are destroyed, greenhouse gas output is increased, and because people are displaced by unscrupulous palm-oil enterprises.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis
Elaeis (from Greek, meaning "oil") is a genus of palms containing two species, called oil palms. They are used in commercial agriculture in the production of palm oil. The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis (the species name guineensis referring to its country of origin) is the principal source of palm oil, it is native to west and southwest Africa, occurring between Angola and Gambia. The American oil palm Elaeis oleifera (from English oliferous, meaning "oil-producing") is native to tropical Central and South America,[2] and is used locally for oil production.
Since palm oil contains more saturated fats than oils made from canola, corn, linseed, soybeans, safflower, and sunflowers, it can withstand extreme deep-frying heat and resists oxidation.[3] It contains no trans fat, and its use in food has increased as food-labelling laws have changed to specify trans fat content. Oil from Elaeis guineensis is also used as biofuel.
Human use of oil palms may date back about 5,000 years in coastal west Africa. Palm oil was also discovered in the late 1800s by archaeologists, in a tomb at Abydos dating back to 3000 BCE.[4] It is thought that Arab traders brought the oil palm to Egypt.[5]
Elaeis guineensis is now extensively cultivated in tropical countries outside Africa, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia which together produce most of the world supply. Palm oil plantations are under increasing scrutiny for social and environmental harm, particularly because rainforests with high biodiversity are destroyed, greenhouse gas output is increased, and because people are displaced by unscrupulous palm-oil enterprises.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis
Indonesian Palm Oil Plantation history
History of plant origin Reviews Palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq palm is not known with certainty. however there is a strong suspicion of this plant comes from two places, namely from West Africa and South America.
Oil palm was originally classified as a single species with a Latin name Elaeis guineensis jacq originating from Nigeria, West Africa. but after the discovery of two palm species in the South American continent, the oil palm species divided into three species. The three species that include Elaeis olivera or Elaeis melamococca and Elaeis odora or Barcella odora comes from the South American continent and Elaeis Jacq guineensi comes from West Africa.
Ca'da Mosto introduce palm oil in the year 1435 to 1460. In 1836 already trying to plant oil palm in India and Maurutius Islands. In 1870 the seed Deli Dura brought to Southeast Asia and is grown in the Botanic Garden of Singapore. In 1890 palm oil began to be used to make margarine. Lord leverholme introduce miling and processing of palm oil. the following year built of palm oil processing plant in Belgium, Congo.
palm oil brought to Indonesia by the Dutch in 1848. Some of the seeds planted in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, while the rest of the seeds planted by the roadside as an ornamental plant in the Deli, northern Sumatra in the year 18 770's. At the same time they increase vegetable oils as a result of the mid-century industrial revolution - 19. From then came the idea to create oil palm plantations based on the selection of plants from Bogor and Deli, then known was the kind of palm "Deli Dura".
In Bogor Botanical Gardens are the oldest palm trees in Southeast Asia from Africa. This botanical garden with a land area of 87 acres was built in 1817, and was an attempt by Prof. Dr Reindwadt, Dutch botanist.
According Iyung abundance plantations in Indonesia's history can be divided into five periods, in which the development of its utilization have the legal basis that varies according to the circumstances at that time. Grouping can be seen below:
- Dutch colonial period (1600-1942).
- Reviews of the Japanese occupation period (1942-1945)
- Reviews physical revolution period several years after Indonesia's independence and the restoration of the plantation (1945-1955).
- The period of diversion Reviews / nationalization of private estates foreign to the PNP / PTP and development of the New Order government (1956-1990's).
- Reviews 2000-2004 period plantation development and early implementation of the Plantation Act no. 18 of 2004.
The history of Dutch colonization period Plantation Reviews Indonesian plantation
System was originally a traditional agricultural business system that existed prior to the entry of VOC (Verenigdee Oost Indische Compagnie) in 1600. During this period, the system of people's plantings become a source of exploitation trade commodities for the European market . The system of forced submission made VOC to exploit the export commodities even continued until the early 19th century, despite colonial rule has changed from VOC into the hands of the Dutch government since 1800.
In general, the growth of plantation system during colonial experience two phases of development, namely the plantation industry country then switch to a private plantation industry. The system of forced cultivation (cultuur stelsel, 1830-1870) is the embodiment of the state oil industry which is a continuation of the politics of exploitation (a political drainage) VOC. The implementation of this new system of exploitation carried out by means of direct government bureaucracy that serves as the executor in the process of resource mobilization agrarian economy of the colonies, namely control over land and labor.
Bourgeoisie emerged as a result of the industrialization process in the Netherlands in the mid-19th century, where the kapitailis old (feudal) have enjoyed the benefits of the colonies. The way they have taken to urge the government to open up the colonies for their investors in the plantation. The change of political direction is a consequence that the government should abandon the exploitation practices with a system of coercion to the principle of free trade associated with the tax system and investment. Thus finance capital (financial capitalism) has replaced the role of the colonial capitalist exploitation of the colonies. Around the year 1870, there has been a process of widespread commercialization in the Netherlands Indies.
As a result of the commercialization process, the colonies mnejadi source of export commodity and source of capital accumulation. Capital accumulation of the colonies led to the industrialization process in the Netherlands is growing rapidly and demanding the creation of markets in the colonies, that the market for industrial products and capital. The birth of industrial capitalism in the late 19th century in the Netherlands influential in determining the policy of colonial politics in the colonies that demands an intensification of public administration as well as the emergence of the welfare of the underlying ethical politics.
History of Japanese Occupation Period Plantation
During the Japanese occupation in 1942-1945, the plantation economy can be said to be halted due to a drastic decline in farm production. This is due to the wisdom of the Japanese government to increase food production for the war economic interests with the demolition of plantation crops and replace it with food crops.
Japanese Occupation carve black ink in the pages of history of the plantation in Indonesia. The situation gets even worse because the Indonesian government consolidation period after the expulsion of the Japanese, estate lands occupied (occupied) by the locals and replace it with food crops.
Recovery Period Plantation
Under the terms of the Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 in The Hague, the foreign private estates that are still running will be returned to its owner. Estate recovery program is beginning to be waged by the Indonesian government in 1951. Since then, several plantations in Java and outside Java have started operating again. In 1952, 98% of the rubber plantation, 88% of oil palm plantations, and 80% of fiber plantations have started operating again. Estate recovery effort was based on several factors as follows.
System was originally a traditional agricultural business system that existed prior to the entry of VOC (Verenigdee Oost Indische Compagnie) in 1600. During this period, the system of people's plantings become a source of exploitation trade commodities for the European market . The system of forced submission made VOC to exploit the export commodities even continued until the early 19th century, despite colonial rule has changed from VOC into the hands of the Dutch government since 1800.
In general, the growth of plantation system during colonial experience two phases of development, namely the plantation industry country then switch to a private plantation industry. The system of forced cultivation (cultuur stelsel, 1830-1870) is the embodiment of the state oil industry which is a continuation of the politics of exploitation (a political drainage) VOC. The implementation of this new system of exploitation carried out by means of direct government bureaucracy that serves as the executor in the process of resource mobilization agrarian economy of the colonies, namely control over land and labor.
Bourgeoisie emerged as a result of the industrialization process in the Netherlands in the mid-19th century, where the kapitailis old (feudal) have enjoyed the benefits of the colonies. The way they have taken to urge the government to open up the colonies for their investors in the plantation. The change of political direction is a consequence that the government should abandon the exploitation practices with a system of coercion to the principle of free trade associated with the tax system and investment. Thus finance capital (financial capitalism) has replaced the role of the colonial capitalist exploitation of the colonies. Around the year 1870, there has been a process of widespread commercialization in the Netherlands Indies.
As a result of the commercialization process, the colonies mnejadi source of export commodity and source of capital accumulation. Capital accumulation of the colonies led to the industrialization process in the Netherlands is growing rapidly and demanding the creation of markets in the colonies, that the market for industrial products and capital. The birth of industrial capitalism in the late 19th century in the Netherlands influential in determining the policy of colonial politics in the colonies that demands an intensification of public administration as well as the emergence of the welfare of the underlying ethical politics.
History of Japanese Occupation Period Plantation
During the Japanese occupation in 1942-1945, the plantation economy can be said to be halted due to a drastic decline in farm production. This is due to the wisdom of the Japanese government to increase food production for the war economic interests with the demolition of plantation crops and replace it with food crops.
Japanese Occupation carve black ink in the pages of history of the plantation in Indonesia. The situation gets even worse because the Indonesian government consolidation period after the expulsion of the Japanese, estate lands occupied (occupied) by the locals and replace it with food crops.
Recovery Period Plantation
Under the terms of the Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 in The Hague, the foreign private estates that are still running will be returned to its owner. Estate recovery program is beginning to be waged by the Indonesian government in 1951. Since then, several plantations in Java and outside Java have started operating again. In 1952, 98% of the rubber plantation, 88% of oil palm plantations, and 80% of fiber plantations have started operating again. Estate recovery effort was based on several factors as follows.
- The amount of damages suffered by a plantation, especially capital and processing tool.
- The amount of capital required to operate it if the damage is considered to be very heavy.
- Plantation area which has been used by the locals to grow food.
- The amount of compensation demanded by the agency or organization that organizes management.
- Thieves or robbers local activities that may interfere with operation of the plantation.
- The land area occupied by the people in the wild (wild occupation).
Nationalization of Private Period Netherlands and New Order Government
After a period of takeover firms in the 1957-1958 Dutch plantation which was then managed by the government, reflecting the trend of declining production. This is caused transition in the management of resources and the immature state of the human family to occupy the position left by foreign workers in the company. But slowly and surely it can be overcome so that production can be increased plantation.
The pattern of development that has been set by the government since the new order are as follows:
After a period of takeover firms in the 1957-1958 Dutch plantation which was then managed by the government, reflecting the trend of declining production. This is caused transition in the management of resources and the immature state of the human family to occupy the position left by foreign workers in the company. But slowly and surely it can be overcome so that production can be increased plantation.
The pattern of development that has been set by the government since the new order are as follows:
- Since 1967, cultivation of oil palm plantations managed by the two groups of companies, the State Plantation Company (PNP) and the National Private Large Plantations (Indonesian: PBSN).
- Pattern Nucleus Estate Smallholders (NES) in the NES / PIR-Bun in 1977 / 1978, the PIR-Locale-specific PIR, PIR-Assisted, and PIR-Trans.
- On the 16th December 1978-3 June 1991, the government intervened in the marketing of oil palm commodities.
That's a little review of the author taken from various sources. For the
next article grow palm oil requirements already provide for additional
authors as a reference or just to add to the knowledge of the oil palm.
May be useful.